For the past two years
I've been saving from my somewhat meagre income as a writer to go to
Norway to research my next book. It's a novel, set in the future, about
the reintroduction of brown bears to Scotland. It's speculative
fiction, OK!
Having written The Last
Bear, about their extinction in Scotland, writing the story of
bringing them back has become a necessity. I can't bring myself to
set it a thousand years in the future - surely it won't take that
long – so I've set it, optimistically, in my lifetime.
So, where does Norway
come in? The protagonist of the story starts out in Norway, and there
she learns a lot about how to try to re-establish a precariously
small, persecuted population of bears. Norway is similar in size to
Scotland, with a similar number of people. It's more rural and it has
twice as much forest and gets much more snow in winter, but there are
lots of landscape similarities - a long coastline, lots of islands,
not much good arable land and plenty of mountains. Brown bears were
extinct there until fairly recently too. So I was interested to find
out how the Norwegian rural people are managing to live with bears again.
Norway has a major
advantage over Scotland - it is part of the continent, and shares a
long border with Sweden, and short ones with Finland and Russia, over which bears can wander. As a National Park manager pointed out, bears don't recognise national boundaries!
In Sweden, the bear
population was also decimated in the 19th century but in the 20th
century made a big recovery. After the second world war, Sweden
industrialised rapidly with a big shift of people away from rural
areas to urban areas. This meant that the pressure on bears reduced
dramatically, and they thrived accordingly. The population has
doubled in the past twenty years. This expansion is the primary
reason why bear numbers appear to be increasing in Norway. There are
simply more Swedish-born bears wandering across the border.
Counting how many bears
there are 'in Norway' is therefore a difficult process, as most of
the bears found on the western side of the border probably spend most
of their time in Sweden, which is home to around 3000 bears. There is
intensive monitoring of bears in Norway, with DNA testing of hair and
scat. Last year, just over a hundred bears were known to have
visited. Many of these will be males, which roam widely, but a few
females are slowly making their way into the country, with an
estimated six females denning and producing litters.
With so few bears on
the ground, we knew that spotting bears was going to be highly
unlikely, especially in April. There was still a metre of snow on the
ground, and although the sun was warm when it shone, and lakes were
starting to thaw, nights could be bitterly cold. It was -12 degrees
one morning when we got up out of our tent, and it had been colder
than that in the night.
So we were over the
moon, when walking in the Lierne forest, to spot bear scratchings on
trees, and even more delighted to find two sets of footprints. One
set were of a big animal, which walked down to a stream, and rolled
in the snow nearby. The other set were an even bigger thrill - a set
of big adult bear prints, with smaller prints interspersed with them.
We could picture the mother keeping her cub nearby, and the cub
trotting along following its mother's footsteps. We were told that
last year's monitoring had shown 37 distinct bears had visited
Lierne. We had seen evidence of the 38th bear!
There are some
Norwegians who want to hunt bears, and a hunting quota is set
annually by the government. And this quota is a serious work of fiction!
The quota last bear was 26 bears, but the actual number of bears
shot was just two. Why? Partly because they are extremely shy and
difficult to hunt but mostly because there are simply so few of them.
For a quota of 26 kills to be set for a resident population of less
than 10 breeding females, and a total transient population of only about 100, is indicative of the history of persecution,
the lasting paranoia about these animals, and the way quota-setting
is based on politics rather than science.
I wonder how the 38th
bear in Lierne will fare?
